NATO is the organization that has dominated military relations in the 28 member states on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean for more than six decades. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is one of the world's leading international institutions. It is a political and military alliance of 28 member states in Europe and North America. 

 

The alliance makes all decisions by consensus. Each Member State, no matter how large or small, is on an equal footing in the discussions and decisions taken. Member States are committed to respecting and promoting individual freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. These values are NATO's main transatlantic bonds.

 

You can read the 50 interesting facts about NATO below:

 

 

1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is one of the most important institutions in the world. NATO is a military alliance of 28 member states in Europe and North America. All decisions of the alliance are taken by consensus.

 

2. Each Member State has an equal position in every discussion and decision that is taken. Member States are committed to respecting individual freedoms, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. These values ​​are extremely important in NATO's transatlantic relationship.

 

3. The alliance's primary responsibility is to protect and defend the territories of the Member States. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty provides for a commitment to collective defense, and an attack on a Member State is an attack on the organization. 

 

4. However, Article 5 was invoked only once in NATO's 67-year history on September 12, 2001, a day after the World Trade Center terrorist attacks.

 

5. NATO has a permanent and integrated command structure, with military personnel from all member states. The Alliance has two Strategic Leaderships, Allied Command Operations in Mons, Belgium, and Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk, USA. 

 

6. Subordinate to these two strategic leadership are two joint command forces, based in Brunssum, the Netherlands, and in Naples, Italy, which are responsible for conducting and managing military operations.

 

 

7. The Command Structure also includes an Air Force Command Center (Ramstein, Germany), a Center for Land Forces (Izmir, Turkey) and a Navy (Northwood, UK).

 

8. NATO has a number of active permanent forces, which contribute to the collective defense of the Western military bloc on a permanent basis.

 

9. These standing forces include four navies, ready to act on the first signal. NATO also has an integrated air defense system, which maintains contact with the national air force and includes the missile shield.

 

10. NATO is taking part in several air missions in which Alliance fighter jets fly over the airspace of member states that do not have a military air force. NATO permanently defends the airspace of Albania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia.

 

11. NATO benefits from military expertise from the 28 member states. This expertise includes tanks, submarines and fighter jets. When the alliance collectively decides to conduct a military operation, member states are called upon to place their troops and equipment under NATO command.

 

12. Soldiers taking part in NATO operations are collectively treated as "NATO forces", even if they represent multinational forces from bloc member states, and in some cases from partner countries or contributing troops.

 

 

13. The only military equipment that is owned by NATO is the AWACS air fleet. From 2013. NATO will operate five Global Hawk monitoring drones. The procedure for requesting troops and military equipment is called "force generation".

 

14. The 28 member states contribute directly and indirectly to covering the costs of NATO operations and the implementation of Alliance policies and activities.

 

15. But most of the contributions are indirect, through the participation of allies in NATO military operations. Member States shall cover the costs of operations whenever they agree to participate in such activities.

 

16. Direct contributions to NATO's common budget are made by member states according to a cost-sharing formula that takes into account national GDP. These contributions finance the costs of integrated structures, common equipment and NATO facilities.

 

17. In the five decades since World War II, the military alliance has successfully prevented an open conflict between the United States and Russia. 

 

 

18. Under the security umbrella offered by NATO, people in European states, the United States and Canada were able to enjoy the benefits of democratic elections, the rule of law and substantial economic growth.

 

19. NATO relies on a combination of conventional and nuclear military capabilities to deter the aggressiveness of third countries, and these remain a key element of the Alliance's strategy. 

 

20. Member States are also committed to controlling firearms, supporting the disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear warheads.

 

21. NATO has often acted to maintain international security and peace. In 1995, the Western military alliance contributed to the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the implementation of the peace agreement.

 

22. In 1999, NATO put an end to the massacre and expulsion of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo. NATO troops continue to operate in Kosovo under a UN mandate.

 

23. Since 2003, the NATO presence under the UN mandate has assured the world that Afghanistan will never be a safe haven for terrorists again.

 

24. In 2011, NATO acted on a UN mandate to ensure the security of Libyan citizens. Alliance ships are fighting piracy off the Somali coast and conducting counterterrorism operations in the Mediterranean. 

 

 

25. Since February 2016, NATO has provided assistance to European authorities, who have had to deal with a large number of migrants.

 

26. NATO vessels are taking part in surveillance, monitoring and intelligence gathering operations to support international efforts to reduce illegal migration from the Aegean Sea. 

 

27. NATO forces have repeatedly delivered humanitarian aid, including to the United States, following the devastating Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 earthquake that hit Pakistan hard.

 

28. It faces threats such as terrorism, piracy, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and cyber warfare, which knows no borders. 

 

29. For this reason NATO has developed a global network of security partners, which includes 40 states around the world and international organizations: the United Nations, the European Union, the OSCE and the African Union.

 

30. NATO's mission in Afghanistan includes 13 partner states. Kosovo's operations are supported by eight partner states. In addition to partners involved in NATO missions and operations, the Western military bloc has developed a wide network of partnerships, including the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the Mediterranean Dialogue Forum, the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative, and other partners around the world, including Australia, Japan and South Korea.

 

 

31. Any European state that can contribute to the security and principles of the Alliance is invited to join. However, accession depends on the decision of that state. 

 

32. Six times, between 1952 and 2009, a number of 16 European states chose to join the alliance and became member states. This process has helped to maintain peace and stability in Europe.

 

33. On 19 May 2016, Member States' foreign ministers signed a protocol inviting Montenegro to join NATO. Following the signing of the protocol, Montenegrin representatives may attend allied meetings as observers.

 

34. After the Allies ratify the protocol, Montenegro can become a full member of NATO. Currently, three states aspire to join NATO, namely Georgia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia.

 

35. The allies evaluate each candidate state according to its own merits. A wide range of political, economic and security reforms must be implemented before a state can join NATO.

 

36. Member States consult and make decisions on a daily basis on security issues at all levels and in a variety of areas.

 

 

37. A "NATO decision" is the expression of the collective will of all 30 Member States, as all decisions are taken by consensus.

 

38. Hundreds of officials, as well as civilian and military experts, come daily to NATO Headquarters to exchange information, share ideas and help prepare decisions when needed, in cooperation with national delegations and NATO headquarters staff.

 

39. 40 non-member states work with NATO on a variety of political and security issues. These states pursue dialogue and practical cooperation with the Alliance, and many contribute to NATO-led operations and missions. NATO also cooperates with a wide network of international organizations.

 

40. Partner States do not have the same decision-making authority as Member States.

 

41. NATO has always innovated and adapted to ensure that its policies, capabilities and structures take into account current and future threats, including the collective defense of its members.

 

42. NATO is committed to respecting the principle that an attack on one or more of its members is considered an attack on all. This is the principle of collective defense, enshrined in Article 5 of the Washington Treaty.

 

43. So far, Article 5 has been invoked only once, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 in the United States of America in 2001.

 

 

44. NATO is an alliance of states in Europe and North America. The alliance represents a unique link between these two continents, giving them the opportunity to consult and cooperate in the field of defense and security and to carry out multinational crisis management operations together.

 

45. The strategic concepts specify the Alliance's core tasks and principles, its values, the evolving security environment, and the Alliance's strategic objectives for the next decade. The 2010 strategic concept defines NATO's core tasks, such as collective defense, crisis management and cooperation-based security.

 

46. Membership of NATO is open to "any other European State capable of developing the principles of this Treaty and contributing to the security of the North Atlantic area."

 

47. NATO has what the Treaty calls the Accession Action Plan. It helps aspiring members prepare for membership and meet key requirements by providing practical advice and personalized assistance.

 

 

48. NATO benefits from the capabilities and expertise of its members. This includes tanks, submarines and fighter jets. When the Alliance collectively decides to carry out an operation, it calls on the Allies to place troops and equipment under NATO command. 

 

49. Personnel involved in a NATO operation are often collectively referred to as "NATO forces", these are strictly speaking the multinational forces of NATO member countries, and in some cases, it is the partner countries or other countries that contribute troops to these operations. 

 

50. The only military equipment that NATO has is a fleet, AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control) aircraft. Starting in 2018, NATO will also operate five surveillance drones, called the Global Hawk. The procedure for requesting forces and equipment for an operation is often called "force generation".

 

 

Many of us have heard (if not all) of such awards as the Oscars. This is a significant award in the field of cinematography, which is presented annually in the United States to the best actors, costume designers, directors, cameramen, etc. This event touches the nerve not only of all filmmakers in the world, but also of the audience.

Strange, unusual facts about the Film Academy, film awards, records, winners and nominees

Like any competition, the history of the Academy has its own records, little-known facts and events: actor Harold Russell received two statuettes for the same role, and Walt Disney was nominated by the Academy Film Academy 59 times, receiving 22 awards from them.

Bemorepanda will talk about the Oscar winners, facts about the award champions and more.

1. Eva Marie Saint is the oldest living Oscar winner at 98.

The actress is older than the Oscar itself. She was born on July 4, 1924, and the film award was created in 1929. The ceremony was first held in May. Eva won Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Edie Doyle in On the Waterfront (1954).

2. Beatrice Strait received the highest Academy Award for the shortest film performance of any actor who received a statuette.

In the film "Network" (1976), she was on the screen for only 5 minutes and 2 seconds. She won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, beating out Jane Alexander (All the President's Men), Jodie Foster (Taxi Driver), Lee Grant (Voyage of the Damned) and Piper Laurie (Carrie).

3. In the history of the film award, a total of 11 children under the age of 12 have been nominated for the award.

Two of them received an Oscar. This is Tatum O'Neal and Anna Paquin.

Here is the full list of nominees:

• Justin Henry was 8 years old when he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).
• Jackie Cooper was 9 years old when he was nominated for Best Actor in Skippy (1931).
• Tatum O'Neill was 10 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in Paper Moon (1973), with which she went on to win.
• Mary Badham was 10 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962).
• Wally Quvenzhane was 9 years old when she was nominated for Best Actress in Beasts of the South (2012).
• Quinn Cummings was 10 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in Goodbye Darling (1977).
• Abigail Breslin was 10 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in Little Miss Sunshine (2006).
• Patty McCormack was 11 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in Bad Blood (1956).
• Anna Paquin was 11 years old when she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in The Piano (1993), for which she received an award.
• Haley Joel Osment was 11 years old when he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in The Sixth Sense (1999).
• Brandon de Wilde was 11 years old when he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Shane (1953).

4. In the Oscars' history, only one actor won two awards for the same role.

It was a non-professional actor Harold Russell, who lost both his arms during World War II.

Russell was also the first Canadian male to win in the acting category. He won Best Supporting Actor for playing a wounded soldier returning from war in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), which ultimately won Best Picture.

By the way, the board of directors of the Film Academy did not think that a disabled actor would win in his category, so just before the ceremony (the night before!) They established a special Oscar for him.

The academy wanted to honor him in some way, and so they gave him a special Honorary Oscar for "inspiring hope and courage among his fellow veterans, which he showed in The Best Years of Our Lives."

That evening, Russell also defeated four acting legends—Charles Coburn (The Green Years), Claude Raines (Notorious), Clifton Webb (Razor's Edge) and William Demarest (Jolson's Story)—to win " Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.

5. Only one person has ever been able to legally sell his Oscar at auction, and that too was Harold Russell.

In 1993, Russell decided to sell his competitive Oscar to help pay for his wife's medical bills. In 1950, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences added a rule that no future winner could sell their statuette "without first offering to sell it to the Academy for the sum of $1", but these rules did not apply to Russell because he had won the award three years prior to the introduction. this norm.

Incidentally, then Academy President Carl Malden tried to convince Russell not to sell his Oscar, even by offering him an "interest-free loan of $20,000" to cover his bills. Despite this, the actor sold his award to an anonymous buyer for $60,500.

6. The only person to ever win an Oscar for playing the real-life statuette winner is Cate Blanchett, who played Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004)

This was Cate Blanchett's first statuette, which she received in the Best Supporting Actress category. By the way, over the past 25 years, she has already been nominated for eight Oscar acting awards.

7. Katharine Hepburn holds the record for the most statuettes and nominations received among actors and actresses.

She received four Oscars for Best Actress. During her career, the Academy nominated her 12 times (in the nominations for best actress).

Hepburn only appeared once at the Academy Awards in her entire career, and that was in 1974 when she presented Lawrence Weingarten with the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.

Her four Best Actress awards were in Early Glory (1933), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968) and On the Golden Lake (1981).

8. Walt Disney has won the most Oscars with 22 in total.

He also holds the record for the most statuettes won in a single ceremony with four.

Disney received a record 59 Oscar nominations in its lifetime. His first was in 1932 and his last in 1969. In 1954 he received six nominations and won four of them (4 Oscars in one year!!!).

Disney has also received a total of three honorary Oscars. His first special award was presented in 1932 "for the creation of Mickey Mouse". He received a second statuette in 1939 for innovations in cinematography, which he demonstrated in the cartoon Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

By the way, this film has captivated millions of viewers around the world, and it was this multi-story that opened up a great new area of ​​entertainment in the world of cinema. His third Special Award was presented in 1942 for "outstanding contribution to the development of the use of sound in motion pictures..."

9. In the history of the "Oscar" there is a case when two different actresses received a statuette for the role of the same character.

Actress Rita Moreno won Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of the character Anita in West Side Story in 1961.

Sixty years later, Ariana Debos won the award for her performance as Anita in the 2021 remake of Steven Spielberg's film of the same name.

10. Among the men, there are also actors who received a statuette for playing the same character.

And it was the first time in the history of the Academy. Two actors - Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro - received statuettes for playing the same role of Vito Corleone in the films "The Godfather" and "The Godfather 2".

Marlon Brando won (and then declined) the Best Actor Oscar for his performance in the 1972 film The Godfather by Vito Corleone. Two years later, in the film sequel of the same name, Robert De Niro won the Best Supporting Actor award for playing the younger Corleone.

11. Both actors who played the character of the "Joker" received a statuette - one posthumously

Actors Heath Ledger and Joaquin Phoenix won major awards at the 2009 and 2020 ceremonies respectively for their successful performances as the Joker.

Heath Ledger received the award posthumously (for Best Supporting Actor as the Joker in The Dark Knight in 2008). Ten years later, Joaquin Phoenix won an Oscar for Best Actor for Joker.

12. Since 1929, when the Oscars were established, 16 statuettes have been awarded posthumously.

Of those 16, only two made it into the acting category: Heath Ledger and Peter Finch.

Ledger died in January 2008 when he was 28 years old. 13 months later, he was posthumously presented with an award for his performance in The Dark Knight. Peter Finch died in January 1977 at the age of 60 (two months before the Best Actor award for The Network).

13. Hattie McDaniel was the first black woman to be nominated for and win an Oscar.

McDaniel became the first African-American woman to be nominated for and honored at the same time. The actress won the statuette for Best Supporting Actress in Gone with the Wind.

14 Three Actors Turned Down Their Oscars

The most famous of these was Marlon Brando, who won the Best Actor award in 1973 for The Godfather.

He sent actress Sachin Littlefeather, who was then a member of the National Native American Positive Image Committee, to receive the award. Upon taking the stage, she stated that Brando "sadly cannot accept this very generous award, and the reasons for this are the poor treatment and treatment of the indigenous peoples of America (Indians) in Hollywood and on television."

15. A few years before Brando's refusal, George Campbell Scott refused the statuette.

The award went to him for Best Actor in Patton (1970). The actor explained his refusal by the fact that he "did not feel that he was competing with other actors."

Film producer Frank McCarthy accepted the award for Scott, but returned it to the Academy the next day. In total, Scott was nominated several times in three categories. One he turned down was his Best Supporting Actor nomination for The Rascal (1961).

Scott once showed his true hatred for Oscar by declaring, “It's all a goddamn meat parade. I don't want to be involved in this."

16. Dudley Nichols was the first to refuse his Oscar.

Because of the union boycott in 1936, he withdrew his Best Screenplay award for The Informant.

Nichols went for it because the Academy did not recognize the Writers Guild at the time. The exact wording of his refusal is "because of the antagonism between several industry guilds and the Academy of Trade Union Affairs." Nichols was the founder of the Writers Guild and also served as president in 1937 and 1938.

17. Patty Duke had the shortest Oscar speech.

In 1963, upon entering the stage, she simply said "thank you" for winning the Best Supporting Actress nomination.

Patty Duke received a statuette for her role as Helen Keller in the movie The Miracle Worker. She was 16 at the time, making her the youngest Oscar winner in history.

Another particularly short Oscar speech was from actor Joe Pesci, who, after winning Best Supporting Actor for The Goodfellas in 1991, simply said, “It's my privilege. Thank you".

And Fred Zinnemann said just two words (“Thank you very much”) after winning Best Picture for A Man for All Seasons in 1967. True, this laconicism was due to the fact that a few minutes earlier he had already gone on stage to receive a statuette for the best director, where he said in more detail what he wanted.

18. Edith Head is the most awarded and nominated woman in Oscar history with 8 wins from 35 nominations.

She became so iconic in the film world that the Pixar artists and animators were literally inspired by her when they created the character of Edna Maud in The Incredibles.

Edith Head for 29 years participated in 35 Oscar nominations (from 1949 to 1978). All of her nominations were in the "Best Costume Design" categories, which were originally split between black-and-white and color films. That is, in each category they gave their award. Then in 1967, the Academy combined these categories into one overall award for best costume design.

Some of the films for which Head has received the highest Academy Award are All About Eve, Scam, Sabrina, and Roman Holiday.

19. No one has ever won an Oscar for Best Actor in their film debut, but four have received a statuette in the Best Actress category.

Here are the winners in order: Shirley Booth for Come Back Little Sheba (1952); Julie Andrews for her performance in Mary Poppins (1964), Barbra Streisand for Funny Girl (1968) and Marlee Matlin, who starred in Children of a Lesser God (1986).

20. There have been six draws in the history of the Academy.

Two of them were in the acting categories (the most famous draw was between Katharine Hepburn and Barbra Streisand in 1969).

1. In 1932, Wallace Beery (The Champion) and Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) shared the Best Actor Award.

2. In 1949, A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little shared the Best Short Documentary Film nomination.

3. In 1968, Katharine Hepburn ("The Lion in Winter") and Barbra Streisand ("Funny Girl") for the best female role shared the prize with each other.

4. In 1986, The Artie Show: Time Is All You Have and The Outcasts of America won the Best Documentary Film category.

5. In 1994, the Best Short Film category was tied between Franz Kafka's Life is Beautiful and Trevor.

6. And in 2012, the award was shared between Paul N. J. Ottosson (“Target One”) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers (“007: Skyfall”) in the nomination “Best Sound Editing”.